The violin and the nay fall under sahb, the oud and the qanun fall under naqr. Stylistically, melodic instruments are divided into two families: sahb (pulling or stretching), and naqr (plucking or hammering). Sometimes the riqq is supplemented/substituted with the tabla or the daff (frame drum), and the melodic instruments are supplemented with the buzuq. In spite of the Cairo Music Conference and many other attempts, it is nearly impossible to find an exhaustive list of all maqams.The traditional Arabic ensemble or takht consists of four main melodic instruments: the oud, the nay, the qanun, and the violin, and one main percussion instrument: the riqq. This is a daunting task since Arabic music does not have an absolute reference. maqam) and attempted to list the most popular maqams to establish a standard as in Western music (which use even- tempered instruments). The Arabic Music Conference in Cairo in 1932 established that regional variations existed in the intonation of Arabic maqamat (pl. The poetry and music in each region continued through oral tradition resulting in de facto standards for each area. The maqams are the way Arabic music defines melody. This confluence is likely due to the vastness of the Islamic Ottoman empire and the trade routes within it.Ĭonsequently, when looking at the boundaries of Arab countries as we know them today, we find that Arabic, Turkish, Armenian, and Byzantine music have maqams for melody and the dumbek system for rhythm. Later with the rise of the vast Ottoman Empire from the 13th to the early 20th century, Ottoman music had been influenced by Byzantine, Armenian, Arabic and Persian music.
By the 11th century, Islamic Spain was the center of manufacture of musical instruments, which ultimately found their way to Europe.
Later in the 13th century, Safi al-Din al-Urmawi (1216- 1294 AD) developed musical notation for rhythm using geometric notation, which did not appear in the Western world until the late 20th century. A physicist named Abū Naṣr al Fārābī (870-950 AD) published the Large Book of Music in which he documents pure Arabian tone system of maqams, still used in Arabic music today. During the ninth and tenth centuries, scholars pulished the first encyclopedic collections of poems and music. The word “mussiqa” was used for the first time in Arabic. In the early Islamic period, Greek music principles were translated by Muslim scholar Isḥāq al-Kindī (801-873 AD), who ultimate published 15 articles on music theory.
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